Coins can be real or fake, of poor quality or high quality, in mint state or highly used and tarnished. While you can see a lot with the naked eye, the grading organisations apply a system of grading whereby the coin is also sealed to prevent further impact on the quality.
The grader is a neutral third-party organisation that conducts an appraisal of a coin’s physical condition (which is the basis of its grade. In turn, this grade assists in realising higher prices in the marketplace.
Grading Organisations
There are several organisations which provide grading. The most respected and recognised is NGC
Numismatic Guaranty Company (NGC) is an international third-party coin grading and certification service based in Sarasota, Florida. It has certified more than 60 million coins. NGC certification consists of authentication, grading, attribution, and encapsulation in clear plastic holders.
Other organisations are PCGS and SANGS.
PCGS (Professional Coin Grading Service) built its grading standards upon the Sheldon Scale when it introduced the concept of encapsulated, third-party grading in 1986. PCGS specialise in US coins but also conduct grading of other coins too,
SANGS (South African Numismatic Grading Service) is the South African equivalent and based in Randburg
The Grades Explained
The grading scale works in categories and there are three categories: circulated coins, about uncirculated coins and uncirculated coins. Lets look at what each type involves.
Circulated coins, as the name suggests, are coins that have been circulated among the population and have been used in trade, and therefore show more wear.
UNCIRCULATED (UNC)
Uncirculated coins (UNC) are those that show no wear, often newly issued by a mint. This is normally because the coin was not circulated among the population to be used as trading money. They can show imperfections from production or storage processes.
About or Nearly uncirculated coins are coins that have a sharp legend (a coin legend is any inscription or information on the coin) and a hint of wear on the high points.
About UNC; Nearly UNC; Good EF
EXTREMELY FINE (EF)
Extremely fine coins show only minimal marks or faint evidence of circulation, apparent only on close examination.
About EF; Nearly EF; Good VF
VERY FINE (VF)
Very fine coins have limited evidence of wear on their raised surfaces but have experienced only minimal circulation.
About VF; Nearly VF; Good Fine
FINE (F)
Fine coins have entered circulation and display considerable wear to the raised surfaces of the design.
About Fine; Nearly Fine
Try to determine which category your coin falls under; however, if you are not sure – get an expert to help you.
The Grading Scale
With or without grading, coins can be classified as follows:
In 1948, Dr. William Sheldon, a renowned numismatist, developed the Sheldon Scale, assigning grades from “1” through “70” to coins. The basis of Sheldon’s theory was that a “70” would be worth 70 times as much as a “1.”